Unidad 3
Técnicas de lectura: predicción, scanning y skimming
- Seleccione un texto que tenga una imagen.
- Observe la imagen y conteste las siguientes preguntas.
De acuerdo al título y la imagen: ¿cuál cree usted que es el tópico que está a punto de leer?
¿Cuál es la idea general del texto?
¿Que palabras se repiten?
¿Que palabras se parecen al español?
¿Cuales son las palabras en negrita, el titulo, subtitulo o gráficos que te ayudan a entender el texto?
¿De qué trata el texto? Lee el primer párrafo y el último o la ultimas ideas del último párrafo.
Cleanup Questions as Radiation Spreads
By HENRY FOUNTAIN
Published: March 31, 2011
On Wednesday, the International Atomic Energy Agency said a soil sample from Iitate, a village of 7,000 people about 25 miles northwest of the plant, showed very high concentrations of cesium 137 — an isotope that produces harmful gamma rays, accumulates in the food chain and persists in the environment for hundreds of years.
The cesium levels were about double the minimums found in the area declared uninhabitable around the Chernobyl nuclear plant in Ukraine, raising the question whether the evacuation zones around Fukushima should be extended beyond the current 18 miles. On Thursday, the Japanese government said it had no plans to expand the zone.
Experts said the Japanese government must also decide what to do about the cesium contamination in the village, especially since radiation releases from the plant could continue for months.
That might argue for evacuating now and postponing any long-term decisions about cleanup, which might include abandoning some areas. But experts say there are reasons to clean sooner.
With cesium, decontamination “has to be done very quickly,” said Didier Champion, director of the environmental and response division of the French Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety. “Cesium tends to fix to materials and into soil.”
De acuerdo al título y la imagen: ¿cuál cree usted que es el tópico que está a punto de leer?
R= Interrogantes sobre El Proceso de Limpieza de la Radiación Propagada.
¿Cuál es la idea general del texto?
R= Los altos niveles de radiación, encotrados en una muestra de suelo de la región Iitate ubicada a 25 millas al noroeste de la planta, provienen del isótopo cesio 137. Este se acumula en la cadena alimentaria y persiste durante cientos de años.
¿Que palabras se repiten?
Cesium 137, Contamination,
¿Que palabras se parecen al español?
Cesium( Cesio) Contamination( Contaminación), decontamination( Descontaminación), Energy ( Energía), Isotope( Isótopo), Produces( Produce), Persists( Persiste), Agency( Agencia), Nuclear( Nuclear), Plant( Planta)
¿Cuales son las palabras en negrita, el titulo, subtitulo o gráficos que te ayudan a entender el texto?
Cleanup Questions as Radiation
¿De qué trata el texto? Lee el primer párrafo y el último o la ultimas ideas del último párrafo.
R= Los altos niveles de radiación producida por el isótopo cesio 137 son muy nocivos. La descontaminación debe realizarse rápidamente porque tiende a fijarse en los materiales y el suelo.
Unidad 4
Patrones de Organización de un Párrafo
A. Seleccione un texto relacionado con su área de experticia. Lea el texto y extraiga:
B. Seleccione otro texto relacionado con su área de experticia y extraiga las palabras de secuencia u ordenamiento del tiempo.
Marcadores de Tiempo
Idea general del párrafo
A) Who We Are
The American Petroleum Institute (API) is the only national trade association that represents all aspects of America’s oil and natural gas industry. Our more than 400 corporate members, from the largest major oil company to the smallest of independents, come from all segments of the industry. They are producers, refiners, suppliers, pipeline operators and marine transporters, as well as service and supply companies that support all segments of the industry.
Although our focus is primarily domestic, in recent years our work has expanded to include a growing international dimension, and today API is recognized around the world for its broad range of programs:
Advocacy
Research and Statistics
Standards
Certification
Education
Las Definiciones:
The American Petroleum Institute (API): Es la única asociación comercial nacional que representa todos los aspectos de petróleo de Estados Unidos y la industria del gas natural.
B) Historia de la Electricidad:
Long before any knowledge of electricity existed people were aware of shocks from electric fish. Ancient Egyptian texts dating from 2750 BC referred to these fish as the "Thunderer of the Nile", and described them as the "protectors" of all other fish. Electric fish were again reported millennia later by ancient Greek, Roman and Arabic naturalists and physicians.[2] Several ancient writers, such as Pliny the Elder and Scribonius Largus, attested to the numbing effect of electric shocks delivered by catfish and torpedo rays, and knew that such shocks could travel along conducting objects.[3] Patients suffering from ailments such as gout or headache were directed to touch electric fish in the hope that the powerful jolt might cure them.[4] Possibly the earliest and nearest approach to the discovery of the identity of lightning, and electricity from any other source, is to be attributed to the Arabs, who before the 15th century had the Arabic word for lightning (raad) applied to the electric ray.[5]
Ancient cultures around the Mediterranean knew that certain objects, such as rods of amber, could be rubbed with cat's fur to attract light objects like feathers. Thales of Miletos made a series of observations on static electricity around 600 BC, from which he believed that friction rendered amber magnetic, in contrast to minerals such as magnetite, which needed no rubbing.[6][7] Thales was incorrect in believing the attraction was due to a magnetic effect, but later science would prove a link between magnetism and electricity. According to a controversial theory, the Parthians may have had knowledge of electroplating, based on the 1936 discovery of the Baghdad Battery, which resembles a galvanic cell, though it is uncertain whether the artifact was electrical in nature.[8]
Electricity would remain little more than an intellectual curiosity for millennia until 1600, when the English scientist William Gilbert made a careful study of electricity and magnetism, distinguishing the lodestone effect from static electricity produced by rubbing amber.[6] He coined the New Latin word electricus ("of amber" or "like amber", from ήλεκτρον [elektron], the Greek word for "amber") to refer to the property of attracting small objects after being rubbed.[9] This association gave rise to the English words "electric" and "electricity", which made their first appearance in print in Thomas Browne's Pseudodoxia Epidemica of 1646.[10]
Further work was conducted by Otto von Guericke, Robert Boyle, Stephen Gray and C. F. du Fay. In the 18th century, Benjamin Franklin conducted extensive research in electricity, selling his possessions to fund his work. In June 1752 he is reputed to have attached a metal key to the bottom of a dampened kite string and flown the kite in a storm-threatened sky.[11] A succession of sparks jumping from the key to the back of the hand showed that lightning was indeed electrical in nature.[12]
In 1791, Luigi Galvani published his discovery of bioelectricity, demonstrating that electricity was the medium by which nerve cells passed signals to the muscles.[13] Alessandro Volta's battery, or voltaic pile, of 1800, made from alternating layers of zinc and copper, provided scientists with a more reliable source of electrical energy than the electrostatic machines previously used.[13] The recognition of electromagnetism, the unity of electric and magnetic phenomena, is due to Hans Christian Ørsted and André-Marie Ampère in 1819-1820; Michael Faraday invented the electric motor in 1821, and Georg Ohm mathematically analysed the electrical circuit in 1827.[13] Electricity and magnetism (and light) were definitively linked by James Clerk Maxwell, in particular in his "On Physical Lines of Force" in 1861 and 1862.In 1791, Luigi Galvani published his discovery of bioelectricity, demonstrating that electricity was the medium by which nerve cells passed signals to the muscles.[13] Alessandro Volta's battery, or voltaic pile, of 1800, made from alternating layers of zinc and copper, provided scientists with a more reliable source of electrical energy than the electrostatic machines previously used.[13] The recognition of electromagnetism, the unity of electric and magnetic phenomena, is due to Hans Christian Ørsted and André-Marie Ampère in 1819-1820; Michael Faraday invented the electric motor in 1821, and Georg Ohm mathematically analysed the electrical circuit in 1827.[13] Electricity and magnetism (and light) were definitively linked by James Clerk Maxwell, in particular in his "On Physical Lines of Force" in 1861 and 1862.
Marcadores de Tiempo:
Long before
- Later.
- Before
- 15th century
- 600 BC
- 18th century
- On the 1936
- Until 1600
- In June 1752
- In 1827
Idea general de texto: Los inicios del descubrimiento de la electricidad.
Espero que esta sección haya sido de sus completo agrado y sastifacción.
Saludos Cordiales..................
Ing. Obed Segovia
Las clases tanto en el aula y en el laboratorio me ayudaron a resfrescar y a traer a la memoria lo aprendido hace unos años atrás. Sin duda que me ayudaron a entender que la expresión "Inglés es difícil" es un mito que conlleva a una mentira. Me han servido de grán ayuda para la investigación.
